Do we learn more from people whose ideas we share in common than from those whose ideas
contradict ours? 【重述题目】 The speaker claims so, for the reason, that disagreement can
cause stress and inhibit learning. 【破解题目】 I concede that undue discord can impede
learn- ing. Otherwise, in my view, we learn far more from discourse and debate with those
whose ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own.
【先抑后扬，以退为进，亮出观点】
Admittedly, under some circumstances, disagreement with others can be counter-productive
to learning. 【正文第1段首句继续“抑”，摆出论点1（+），论据例子紧随其后】For supporting
examples, one need look no further than a television set. On today's typical television
or radio talk show, disagreement usually manifests itself in meaningless rhetorical
bouts and shouting matches, during which opponents vie to have their own message
heard, but have little interest either in finding common ground with or in
acknowledging the merits of the opponent's viewpoint. Understandably, neither
the combatants nor the viewers learn anything meaningful. 【论点1的例子
是说观点不同，引发争吵，但是着重点在争吵却没有相互学习，那么自然学不到东西】
In fact, these battles only serve to reinforce the predispositions and biases of all
concerned. The end result is that learning is impeded. 【正文第1段总结】
Disagreement can also inhibit learning when two opponents disagree on
fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate.
【正文第2段摆出论点2（+），无法达成基本共识所以学不到东西，论据例子紧随其后】
For example, a student of paleontology learns little about the evolution of an animal
species under current study by debating with an individual whose religious belief
system precludes the possibility of evolution, to begin with. 【例子1】And,
economics and finance students learn little about the dynamics of a laissez-faire
system by debating with a socialist whose view is that a centralized power should
control all economic activity.【例子2】
Aside from the foregoing two provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with
the speaker's claim. 【举出了2个限制条件后，转——准备进入（-）】Assuming
common ground between two rational and reasonable opponents willing to debate
on intellectual merits, both opponents stand to gain much from that debate.
【当异见双方满足限制条件之后，就可以学到更多东西了】Indeed it is primarily
through such debate that human knowledge advances, whether at the personal,
community, or global level.【正文第3段为过渡段，预示后面写personal, community, global三个层次】
At the personal level, by listening to their parents' rationale for their seemingly
oppressive rules and policies, teenagers can learn how certain behaviors naturally
carry certain undesirable consequences. At the same time, by listening to their
teenagers' concerns about autonomy and about peer pressures parents can learn
the valuable lesson that effective parenting and control are two different things.
At the community level, through dispassionate dialogue, an environmental activist can
come to understand the legitimate economic concerns of those whose jobs depend on
the continued profitable operation of a factory. Conversely, the latter might stand to
learn much about the potential public-health price to be paid by ensuring job growth
and a low unemployment rate. Finally, at the global level, two nations with opposing
political or economic interests can reach mutually beneficial agreements by striving to
understand the other's legitimate concerns for its national security, its political
sovereignty, the stability of its economy and currency, and so forth.
In sum, unless two opponents in a debate are each willing to play on the same field
and by the same rules, I concede that disagreement can impede learning.
【相互学习受条件限制】 Otherwise, reasoned discourse and debate between people
with opposing viewpoints is the very foundation upon which human knowledge advances.
Accordingly, on balance, the speaker is fundamentally correct.