Today's Internet is arguably the largest engineered system ever created by ­mankind,
with hundreds of millions of connected computers, communication links, and switches;
with billions of users who connect via laptops,
tablets, and smartphones; and with an array of new Internet-connected "things"
including game consoles, surveillance systems, watches, eye glasses, thermostats,
body scales, and cars. Given that the Internet is so large and has so many diverse
components and uses, is there any hope of understanding how it works? Are there
guiding principles and structure that can provide a foundation for understanding such
an amazingly large and complex system? And if so, is it possible that it actually
could be both interesting and fun to learn about computer networks? Fortunately,
the answer to all of these questions is a resounding YES! Indeed, it's our aim in this
book to provide you with a modern introduction to the dynamic field of computer
networking, giving you the principles and practical insights you'll need to understand
not only today's networks, but tomorrow's as well.
This first chapter presents a broad overview of computer networking and the Internet.
Our goal here is to paint a broad picture and set the context for the rest of this book,
to see the forest through the trees. We'll cover a lot of ground in this introductory
chapter and discuss a lot of the pieces of a computer network, without losing sight
of the big picture.
We'll structure our overview of computer networks in this chapter as follows. After
introducing
some basic terminology and concepts, we'll first examine the basic hardware and
software components that make up a network. We'll begin at the network's edge
and look at the end systems and network applications running in the network.
We'll then explore the core of a computer network, examining the links and the
switches that transport data, as well as the access networks and physical media
that connect end systems to the network core. We'll learn that the Internet is a
network of networks, and we'll learn how these networks connect with each other.
After having completed this overview of the edge and core of a computer network,
we'll take the broader and more abstract view in the second half of this chapter.
We'll examine delay, loss, and throughput of data in a computer network and
provide simple quantitative models for end-to-end throughput and delay: models
that take into account transmission, propagation, and queuing delays. We'll then
introduce some of the key architectural principles in computer networking, namely,
protocol layering and service models. We'll also learn that computer networks are
vulnerable to many different types of attacks; we'll survey some of these attacks and
consider how computer networks can be made more secure. Finally, we'll close this
chapter with a brief history of computer networking.