We Choose to Go to the Moon
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
President Pitzer, Mr. Vice President, Governor, Congressman Thomas,
Senator Wiley, and Congressman Miller, Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell, scientists,
distinguished guests, and ladies and gentlemen:
I appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor,
and I will assure you that my first lecture will be very brief.
I am delighted to be here and I'm particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.
We meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress,
in a state noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three,
for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear,
in an age of both knowledge and ignorance.
The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.
Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists
that the world has ever known are alive and working today,
despite the fact that this Nation's own scientific manpower is doubling
every 12 years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population
as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered
and the unfinished still far outstrip our collection comprehension.
No man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come, but condense,
if you will, the 50 thousand years of man's recorded history in a time span
of but a half-century. Stated in these terms, we know very little about the
first 40 years, except at the end of them advanced man had learned to use
the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10 years ago, under this standard,
man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter.
Only five years ago man learned to write and use a cart with wheels.
Christianity began less than two years ago. The printing press came this year,
and then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history,
the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity.
Last month electric lights and telephones and automobiles and airplanes became available.
Only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if
America's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached
the stars before midnight tonight.
This is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it
dispels old, new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. Surely the opening vistas
of space promise high costs and hardships, as well as high reward.
So it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer
to rest, to wait. But this city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the
United States was not built by those who waited and rested wished to look behind them.
This country was conquered by those who moved forward—and so will space.
William Bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the Plymouth Bay Colony,
said that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties,
and both must be enterprised and overcome with answerable courage.
If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man,
in his quest for knowledge and progress, is determined and cannot be deterred.
The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one
of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader
of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space.
Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first
waves of the industrial revolution, the first waves of modern invention, and
the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the
backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it--we mean to lead it.
For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond,
and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest,
but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space
filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and
understanding.
Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and,
therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and industry, our
hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require
us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men,
and to become the world's leading space-faring nation.
We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new
rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space
science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own.
Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the
United States Occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether his new
ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we
should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than
we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but I do say that space can be
explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes
that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours.
There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet.
Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind,
and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again.
But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask,
why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?
Why does Rice play Texas?
We choose to go to the Moon!
We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things,
not because they are easy, but because they are hard;
because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies an skills,
because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling
to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.
It is for these reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in
space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will
be made during my incumbency in the office of the Presidency.
In the last 24 hours we have seen facilities now being created for the greatest
and most complex exploration in man's history. We have felt the ground shake
and the air shattered by the testing of a Saturn C-1 booster rocket, many times as
powerful as the Atlas which launched John Glenn, generating power equivalent to
10 thousand automobiles with their accelerators on the floor.
We have seen the site where five F-1 rocket engines, each one as powerful as all
eight engines of the Saturn combined, will be clustered together to make the advanced
Saturn missile, assembled in a new building to be built at Cape Canaveral as tall as a
48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field.
Within these last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the earth.
Some 40 of them were made in the United States of America and they
were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people
of the world than those of the Soviet Union.
The Mariner spacecraft...(interrupted by applause) the Mariner
spacecraft now on its way to Venus is the most intricate instrument in
the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing
a missile from Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines.
Transit satellites are helping our ships at sea to steer a safer course.
Tiros satellites have given us unprecedented warnings of hurricanes and storms,
and will do the same for forest fires and icebergs.
We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do
not admit them. And they may be less public.
To be sure,…(interrupted by applause) to be sure, we are behind, and will be
behind for some time in manned flight. But we do not intend to stay behind, and in
this decade, we shall make up and move ahead.
The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge
of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping
and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as
the school. Technical institutions, such as Rice, will reap the harvest of these gains.
And finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created
a great number of new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs.
Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and
skilled personnel, and this city and this state, and this region, will share greatly in
this growth. What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West
will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston,
(interrupted by applause) your city of Houston, with its Manned Spacecraft Center,
will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next
5 years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to double the number
of scientists and engineers in this area, to increase its outlays for salaries and
expenses to 60 million dollars a year; to invest some 200 million dollars in
plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over
1 billion dollars from this center in this city.
To be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. This year’s space budget is
three times what it was in January 1961, and it is greater than the space budget
of the previous eight years combined. That budget now stands at 5 billion 400 million
dollars a year-a staggering sum, though somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and
cigars every year. Space expenditures will soon rise some more, from 40 cents
per person per week to more than 50 cents a week for every man,
woman and child in the United States, for we have given this program a
high national priority--even though I realize that this is in some measure
an act of faith and vision, for we do not now know what benefits await us.
But if I were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shall send to the moon,
240 thousand miles away from the control station in Houston, a giant
rocket more than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new
metal alloys, some of which have not yet been invented, capable o standing
heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced, fitted
together with a precision, guidance, control, communications, food and survival,
on an untried mission, to an unknown celestial body, and then return it safely to earth,
re-entering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25 thousand miles per hour, causing heat
about half that of the temperature of the sun--almost as hot as it is here
today--and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is
out--then we must be bold.
I'm the one who is doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute.
However, I think we're going to do it, and I think that we must pay what needs
to be paid. I don't think we ought to waste any money, but I think we ought to do the
job. And this will be done in the decade of the Sixties. It may be done while some of you
are still here at school at this college and university. It will be done during the terms
of office of some of the people who sit here on this platform. But it will be done.
And it will be done before the end of this decade.
And I am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on
the moon as part of a great national effort of the United States of America.
Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die
on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Because it is there."
Well, space is there, and we're going to climb it, and the moon and the
planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge an peace are there. And,
therefore, as we set sail, we ask God's blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous
and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked.
Thank you.